The PTP protocol achieves sub-microsecond clock synchronization through a master-slave hierarchy and supports MAC or UDP encapsulation.
Fiber-optic link time-frequency synchronization technology enables a frequency stability of 10⁻¹⁷/day and time synchronization accuracy at the 100-picosecond level. GPS-disciplined OCXO systems are used to resolve clock inconsistency issues between independent clock sources in systems such as bistatic SAR.